1. Самый толстый человек на острове
7 «не коснулась индустриализация»: Lindeberg, Food and Western Disease; S. Lindeberg and B. Lundh, Apparent Absence of Stroke and Ischaemic Heart Disease in a Traditional Melanesian Island: A Clinical Study in Kitava, Journal of Internal Medicine 233, no. 3 (March 1993): 269–75; S. Lindeberg, E. Berntorp, P. NilssonEhle, A. Ter?nt, and B. Vessby, Age Relations of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Traditional Melanesian Society: The Kitava Study, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 66, no. 4 (October 1997): 845–52.
7 «даже в преклонном возрасте»: Ibid.
7 «жили их предки на протяжении долгих лет»: Lindeberg, Food and Western Disease; P. F. Sinnett and H. M. Whyte, Epidemiological Studies in a Total Highland Population, Tukisenta, New Guinea: Cardiovascular Disease and Relevant Clinical, Electrocardiographic, Radiological, and Biochemical Findings, Journal of Chronic Diseases 26, no. 5 (May 1973): 265–90; K. T. Lee, R. Nail, L. A. Sherman, M. Milano, C. Deden, H. Imai, et al., Geographic Pathology of Myo car dial Infarction, American Journal of Cardiology 13 (January 1964): 30–40; H. C. Trowell and D. P. Burkitt, Western Diseases: Their Emergence and Prevention (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981), 474; F. W. Marlowe and J. C. Berbesque, Tubers as Fallback Foods and Their Impact on Hadza Hunter- Gatherers, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 140, no. 4 (December 2009): 751–58; T. Teuscher, J. B. Rosman, P. Baillod, and A. Teuscher, Absence of Diabetes in a Rural West African Population with a High Carbohydrate/Cassava Diet, Lancet 329, no. 8536 (April 1987): 765–68; R. B. Lee, The!Kung San: Men, Women, and Work in a Foraging Society (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979).
8 «среди жителей острова Китава, зафиксированный Линдебергом»: Lindeberg, Food and Western Disease.
8 «ожирение и повышенный риск развития хронических заболеваний»: Trowell and Burkitt, Western Diseases: Their Emergence.
8 «предполагали ручной труд»: National Bureau of Economic Research Economic History Association, Output, Employment, and Productivity in the United States After 1800 (National Bureau of Economic Research, 1966), 684.
9 «Индекс массы тела (BMI)»: L. A. Helmchen and R. M. Henderson, “Changes in the Distribution of Body Mass Index of White US Men, 1890–2000,” Annals of Human Biology 31, no. 2 (April 2004): 174–81.
9 «менее распространено до наступления двадцатого века»: J. N. Wilford, “Tooth May Have Solved Mummy Mystery,” New York Times, June 27, 2007, cited March 11, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/27/world/middleeast/27mummy.html.
9 «до каждого третьего»: Fryar, Carroll, and Ogden, “Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity.”
9 «до каждого 17-го»: Ibid.
9 «возросла почти в пять раз»: C. L. Ogden and M. D. Carroll, Prevalence of Obesity Among Children and Adolescents: United States, Trends 1963–1965 through 2007–2008, 2013, cited October 31, 2013, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/obesity_adult_09_10/obesity_adult_09_10.htm.
11 «на фоне ожирения»: A. Stokes, Using Maximum Weight to Redefi ne Body Mass Index Categories in Studies of the Mortality Risks of Obesity, Population Health Metrics 12, no. 1 (2014): 6; A. Stokes and S. H. Preston, Revealing the Burden of Obesity Using Weight Histories, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of Amer i ca 113, no. 3 (January 2016): 572–77.
11 «с целью избавиться от лишнего веса»: J. Ponce, New Procedure Estimates for Bariatric Surgery: What the Numbers Reveal, Connect, May 2014, cited March 11, 2016, http://connect.asmbs.org/may-2014-bariatric-surgery-growth.html.
11 «химических связей»: J. L. Hargrove, History of the Calorie in Nutrition, Journal of Nutrition 136, no. 12 (December 2006): 2957–61.
11 «разжечь огонь в «горниле» человеческого организма»: W. O. Atwater, “The Potential Energy of Food: The Chemistry and Economy of Food, III,” Century 34 (1887): 397–405.
12 «по предложению Этуотера»: Ibid.
12 «расходует энергию»: W. O. Atwater, Experiments on the Metabolism of Matter and Energy in the Human Body, 1898–1900 (US Government Printing Offi ce, 1902), 166.
13 «печи» человеческого тела»: Ibid.
13 «поддержание веса или набор веса»: O. Lammert, N. Grunnet, P. Faber, K. S. Bj?rnsbo, J. Dich, L. O. Larsen, et al., Effects of Isoenergetic Overfeeding of Either Carbohydrate or Fat in Young Men, British Journal of Nutrition 84, no. 2 (2000): 233–45; T. J. Horton, H. Drougas, A. Brachey, G. W. Reed, J. C. Peters, and J. O. Hill, at and Carbohydrate Overfeeding in Humans: Dif fer ent Effects on Energy Storage, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62, no. 1 (July 1995): 19–29; R. L. Leibel, J. Hirsch, B. E. Appel, and G. C. Checani, Energy Intake Required to Maintain Body Weight Is Not Affected by Wide Variation in Diet Composition, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55, no. 2 (February 1992): 350–55; N. Grey and D. M. Kipnis, Effect of Diet Composition on the Hyperinsulinemia of Obesity, New Eng land Journal of Medicine 285, no. 15 (October 7, 1971): 827–31; C. Bogardus, B. M. LaGrange, E. S. Horton, and E. A. Sims, Comparison of Carbohydrate- Containing and Carbohydrate – Restricted Hypocaloric Diets in the Treatment of Obesity: Endurance and Metabolic Fuel Homeostasis During Strenuous Exercise, Journal of Clinical Investigation 68, no. 2 (August 1981): 399–404; P. M. Piatti, F. Monti, I. Fermo, L. Baruffaldi, R. Nasser, G. Santambrogio, et al., Hypocaloric High- Protein Diet Improves Glucose Oxidation and Spares Lean Body Mass: Comparison to Hypocaloric High- Carbohydrate Diet, Metabolism 43, no. 12 (December 1994): 1481–87; A. Golay, A. F. Allaz, Y. Morel, N. de Tonnac, S. Tankova, and G. Reaven, Similar Weight Loss with Low- or High- Carbohydrate Diets, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 63, no. 2 (February 1996): 174–78
13 с «значимое воздействие на адипозную ткань»: C. B. Ebbeling, J. F. Swain, H. A. Feldman, W. W. Wong, D. L. Hachey, E. Garcia- Lago, et al., Effects of Dietary Composition on Energy Expenditure During Weight- Loss Maintenance, Journal of the American Medical Association 307, no. 24 (June 27, 2012): 2627–34; K. D. Hall, T. Bemis, R. Brychta, K. Y. Chen, A. Courville, E. J. Crayner, et al., Calorie for Calorie, Dietary Fat Restriction Results in More Body Fat Loss than Carbohydrate Restriction in People with Obesity, Cell Metabolism 22, no. 3 (September 2015): 427–36.
14 «о количестве калорий на человека»: USDA, USDA Economic Research Service—Food Availability (Per Capita).
14 «подсчитать калории»: E. S. Ford and W. H. Dietz, Trends in Energy Intake Among Adults in the United States: Findings from NHANES, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 97, no. 4 (April 2013): 848–53.
14 «увеличению избыточного веса»: K. D. Hall, J. Guo, M. Dore, C. C. Chow, The Progressive Increase of Food Waste in Amer i ca and Its Environmental Impact, PLOS ONE 4, no. 11 (November 2009): e7940.
14 «в тот период времени»: B. Swinburn, G. Sacks, and E. Ravussin, “Increased Food Energy Supply Is More Than Suffi cient to Explain the US Epidemic of Obesity,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 90, no. 6 (December 2009): 1453–56.
15 «к набору и потере веса»: K. D. Hall, G. Sacks, D. Chandramohan, C. C. Chow, Y. C. Wang, S. L. Gortmaker, et al., Quantifi cation of the Effect of Energy Imbalance on Bodyweight, Lancet 378, no. 9793 (August 27, 2011): 826–37.
16 «каждый килограмм, которые человек хочет скинуть»: Ibid.
16 «в последующих главах»: Ibid.
16 с «на эту тему потрясающую работу»: Hall, Guo, Dore, and Chow, The Progressive Increase of Food Waste.
17 «по графику на рисунке 5»: S. C. Davis and S. W. Diegel, Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 32 (US Department of Energy, 2013).
19 «молочный шоколад и арахисовое масло»: A. Sclafani and D. Springer, Dietary Obesity in Adult Rats: Similarities to Hypothalamic and Human Obesity Syndromes, Physiology and Be hav ior 17, no. 3 (September 1976): 461–71.
19 «содержания жира или сахара»: B. P. Sampey, A. M. Vanhoose, H. M. Winfi eld, A. J. Freemerman, M. J. Muehlbauer, P. T. Fueger, et al., Cafeteria Diet Is a Robust Model of Human Metabolic Syndrome with Liver and Adipose Infl ammation: Comparison to High- Fat Diet, Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 19, no. 6 (June 2011): 1109–17.
20 «роль калорий в развитии ожирения»: D. M. Dreon, B. Frey- Hewitt, N. Ellsworth, P. T. Williams, R. B. Terry, and P. D. Wood, Dietary Fat: Carbohydrate Ratio and Obesity in Middle- Aged Men, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 47, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 995–1000; D. Kromhout, Energy and Macronutrient Intake in Lean and Obese Middle- Aged Men (The Zutphen Study), American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 37, no. 2 (February 1983): 295–99; W. C. Miller, M. G. Niederpruem, J. P. Wallace, and A. K. Lindeman, Dietary Fat, Sugar, and Fiber Predict Body Fat Content, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 94, no. 6 (June 1994): 612–15.
20 «подсчитывали калории»: S. W. Lichtman, K. Pisarska, E. R. Berman, M. Pestone, H. Dowling, E. Offenbacher, et al., Discrepancy Between Self- Reported and Actual Caloric Intake and Exercise in Obese Subjects, New Eng land Journal of Medicine 327, no. 27 (December 31, 1992): 1893–98; E. Ravussin, S. Lillioja, T. E. Anderson, L. Christin, and C. Bogardus, Determinants of 24- Hour Energy Expenditure in Man: Methods and Results Using a Respiratory Chamber, Journal of Clinical Investigation 78, no. 6 (December 1986): 1568–78; L. G. Bandini, D. A. Schoeller, H. N. Cyr, and W. H. Dietz, Validity of Reported Energy Intake in Obese and Nonobese Adolescents, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 52, no. 3 (September 1, 1990): 421–5; E. Ravussin, B. Burnand, Y. Schutz, and E. J?quier, Twenty- Four- Hour Energy Expenditure and Resting Metabolic Rate in Obese, Moderately Obese, and Control Subjects, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 35, no. 3 (March 1, 1982): 566–73.
20 «сколько ими было съедено»: Lichtman, Pisarska, Berman, Pestone, Dowling, Offenbacher, et al., Discrepancy Between Self- Reported and Actual; Bandini, Schoeller, Cyr, and Dietz, Validity of Reported Energy Intake; J. O. Fisher, R. K. Johnson, C. Lindquist, L. L. Birch, and M. I. Goran, Infl uence of Body Composition on the Accuracy of Reported Energy Intake in Children, Obesity Research 8, no. 8 (November 1, 2000): 597–603.
21 «основных блюд, закусок и напитков»: R. Rising, S. Alger, V. Boyce, H. Sea gle, R. Ferraro, A. M. Fontvieille, et al., Food Intake Mea sured by an Automated Food- Se lection System: Relationship to Energy Expenditure, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55, no. 2 (February 1, 1992): 343–49.
21 «на тему «ресторанной диеты»: D. E. Larson, P. A. Tataranni, R. T. Ferraro, and E. Ravussin, Ad Libitum Food Intake on a Cafeteria Diet in Native American Women: Relations with Body Composition and 24- H Energy Expenditure, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62, no. 5 (November 1, 1995): 911–17; D. Larson, R. Rising, R. Ferraro, and E. Ravussin, Spontaneous Overfeeding with a Cafeteria Diet in Men: Effects on 24- Hour Energy Expenditure and Substrate Oxidation, International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 19, no. 5 (May 1995): 331–37.