Примечания
Примечания
Глава 1. Предмет
12 ‘Мы предложили Алексу’: Daily Mirror. 2003.4 January.
16 ‘если свечу зажечь’: http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southeast/sites/mind/pages/hopi.shtml
16 ‘статьи, опубликованной’: Seely D.R., Quigley S.M., Langman A.W. Ear candles — efficacy and safety // Laryngoscope. 1996. № 106 (10) (October). P. 1226–1229.
17 ‘в одном опубликованном исследовании’: Ibid.
22 ‘Эти ритуалы очищения’: Green Е.С., Honwana A. Indigenous healing of war-affected children in Africa //IK Notes / Knowledge and Learning Center Africa Region, World Bank Washington. 1999. № 10. Доступно на: http://www.africaaction.org/docs99/viol9907.htn1
Глава 4. Гомеопатия
49 ‘одного исследования’: Marshall Т. Reducing unnecessary consultation — a case of NNNT? // Bandolier. 1997. № 44 (4). P. 1–3.
51 ‘Но предметом исследования’: MacManus M.P., Matthews J.P., Wada М., Wirth A., Worotniuk V., Ball D.L. Unexpected long-term survival after low-dose palliative radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer // Cancer. 2006. № 106 (5) (1 March). P. 1110–1116.
55 ‘очень театрализованное исследование’: Majeed A.W. et al. Randomised, prospective, single-blind comparison of laparoscopic versus small-incision cholecystectomy // Lancet. 1996. 347 (9007) (13 April). P. 989–94.
56 ‘исследование слепых экспериментов’: Schulz K.F., Chalmers I., Hayes R.J., Altman D.G. Empirical evidence of bias: Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials // JAMA. 1995. № 273. P. 408–412.
56 ‘обзор исследований’: Ernst Е., White A.R. Acupuncture for back pain: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Arch Int Med (1998); 158. P. 2235–41.
56 Рисунок: Ibid.
57 ‘стандартный обзор’ Ernst E., Pittler M.H. Efficacy of homeopathic arnica: a systematic review of placebo-controlled clinical trials // Arch Surg. 1998. № 133 (11) (November). P. 1187–1190.
60 ‘описаны два исследования’: Khan K.S., Daya S., Jadad A.R. The importance of quality of primary studies in producing unbiased systematic reviews // Arch. Intern. Med. 1996. № 156. P. 661–666; Moher D., Pham B., Jones A. et al. Does quality of reports of randomized trials affect estimates of intervention efficacy reported in metaanalyses? // Lancet. 1998. № 352. P. 609–613.
62 Рисунок: Ernst E., Pittler M.H. Re-analysis of previous metaanalysis of clinical trials of homeopathy // J. Clin. Epi. 2000. № 53 (11). P. 1188.
66 ‘Знаковый метаанализ’: Shang A., Huwiler-Miintener K., Nartey L., Jiini P., Dorig S., Sterne J.A., Pewsner D., Egger M. Are the clinical effects of homoeopathy placebo effects? Comparative study of placebo-controlled trials of homoeopathy and allopathy // Lancet. 27 August — 2 September. 2005. № 366 (9487). P. 726–732.
67 ‘Однажды больных’: Tallon D., Chard J., Dieppe P. Relation between agendas of the research community and the research consumer // Lancet. 2000. № 355. P. 2037–2040.
61 ‘Они могут сработать’: BBC Radio 4 Case Notes (19 July 2005).
Глава 5. Эффект плацебо
72 ‘Неужели плацебо’: The placebo in medicine // Med Press. 1890. № 642. (18 June).
73 ‘Генри Бичер’: Beecher HK. The powerful placebo // JAMA. 1955- № 159 (17) (24 December). P. 1602–1606.
73 ‘Питер Паркер’: Skrabanek P., McCormick J. Follies and Fallacies in Medicine. Tarragon Press, 1989.
75 ‘Дэниела Мормана’: Moerman D.E. General medical effectiveness and human biology: placebo effects in the treatment of ulcer disease //Med. Anth. Quarterly (August 1983); 14; 4. P. 3–16.
76 ‘в других испытаниях’: Craen de A.J, Moerman D.E., Heisterkamp S.H., Tytgat G.N., Tijssen J.G., Kleijnen J. Placebo effect in the treatment of duodenal ulcer // Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1999. № 48 (6) (December). P. 853–860.
77 ‘Блэкуел (1972)’: Blackwell B., Bloomfield S.S., Buncher C.R. Demonstration to medical students of placebo responses and non-drug factors // Lancet. 1972. № 1 (7763) (10 June). P. 1279–1282.
77 ‘Еще одно исследование’: Schapira К., McClelland H.A., Griffiths N.R., Newell D.J. Study on the effects of tablet colour in the treatment of anxiety states // BMJ. 1970 (23 May). № 1 (5707). P. 446–449-
77 ‘касающееся цвета’: Craen de A.J., Roos P.J., Vries de L.A., Kleijnen J. Effect of colour of drugs: systematic review of perceived effect of drugs and of their effectiveness // BMJ. 1996. № 313 (7072) (21–28 December). P. 1624–1626.
77 ‘B 1970 году’: Hussain M.Z., Ahad A. Tablet colour in anxiety states // BMJ. 1970 (22 August). № 3 (5720). P. 466.
78 ‘Способ введения’: Grenfell R.F., Briggs A.H., Holland W.C. Double blind study of the treatment of hypertension // JAMA. 1961. № 176. P. 124–128; Craen de A.J.M., Tijssen J.G.P., Gans de J., Kleijnen J. Placebo effect in the acute treatment of migraine: subcutaneous placebos are better than oral placebos // J. Neur. 2000. № 247. P. 183–188. Gracely R.H., Dubner R., McGrath P.A. Narcotic analgesia: fentanyl reduces the intensity but not the unpleasantness of painful tooth pulp sensations // Science (23 March 1979)- № 203 (4386). P. 1261–1263.
78 ‘смехотворная история упаковки’: Kaptchuk T.J., Stason W.B., Davis R.B., Legedza A.R., Schnyer R.N., Kerr C.E., Stone D.A., Nam B.H., Kirsch I., Goldman R.H. Sham device v inert pill: randomized controlled trial of two placebo treatments // BMJ. 2006 (18 February). № 332 (7538). P. 391–397.
77 ‘Брантуайт и Купер’: Branthwaite A., Cooper P. Analgesic effects of branding in treatment of headaches // BMJ. (Clin Res ed). 1981. № 282. P. 1576–1578.
78 ‘недавние исследования’: Waber et al. Commercial features of placebo and therapeutic efficacy // JAMA. 2008. № 299. P. 1016–1017.
79 ‘готовящаяся сейчас к изданию’: Ginoa F. Do we listen to advice just because we paid for it? The impact of advice cost on its use. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 2008. В печати (Опубликовано онлайн 25 апреля 2008 года). Доступно на: http://dx.d0i.0rg/10.1016/j.0bhdp.2008.03.001.
79 ‘Монтгомери и Кирш’: Montgomery G.H., Kirsch I. Mechanisms of placebo pain reduction: an empirical investigation // Psych. Science. 1996. № 7. P. 174–176.
80 ‘плацебо-контролируемые испытания’: Cobb L.A., Thomas G.I., Dillard D.H., Merendino K.A., Bruce R.A. An evaluation of internal mammaryartery ligation by a double-blind technic // N. Eng. J. Med. 1959. 28 May. № 260 (22). P. 1115–1118.
81 ‘Шведское исследование’: Linde С., Gadler F., Kappenberger L., Ryden L. Placebo effect of pacemaker implantation in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy // Am. J. Cardiol. 1999. № 83 (6) (15 March). P. 903–907.
81 ‘Электрические аппараты’: Johnson A.G. Surgeiy as a placebo // Lancet. № 344 (8930) (22 October 1994). P. 1140–1142.
81 ‘элегантного исследования’: Crum A.J., Langer E.J. Mindset matters: exercise and the placebo effect // Psych. Science. № 18 (2) (February 2007). P. 165–171.
83 ‘Грилл и Катан’: Gryll S.L., Katahn M. Situational factors contributing to the placebos effect // Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1978. № 57. P. 253–261.
83 ‘Грейсли [1985]’: Gracely R.H., Dubner R., Deeter W.R., Wolskee P.J. Clinicians’ expectations influence placebo analgesia // Lancet. 1985 (5 January). № 1 (8419). P. 43.
84 ‘В 1987 году, Томас’: Thomas К.В. General practice consultations: is there any point in being positive? // BMJ (Clin. Res. ed). 1987. (9 May). № 294 (6581). P. 1200–1202.
85 ‘Реймонд Таллис’: Tallis R. Hippocratic Oaths: Medicine and its Discontents. Atlantic, 2004.
86 ‘Квесалид’: Levi-Strauss C. The sorcerer and his magic // Structural Anthropology / Trans. C. Jacobson, B.G. Schoef. Basic Books, 1963.
87 ‘классическое исследование 1965 года’: Park L.C., Covi L. Nonblind placebo trial: an exploration of neurotic patients’ responses to placebo when its inert content is disclosed // Arch. Gen. Psych. 1965 (April). № 12. P. 36–45.
88 ‘Доктор Стюарт Вулф’: Wolf S. Effects of suggestion and conditioning on the action of chemical agents in human subjects; the pharmacology of placebos // J. Clin. Invest. 1950. 29 (1) (January). P. 100–109.
88 ‘Было показано’: Fuente-Femandez, dela, R., RuthTJ., SossiV., Schulzer М., Caine D.B., Stoessl A.J. Expectation and dopamine release: mechanism of the placebo effect in Parkinson’s disease / / Science. 2001. № 293 (5532) (10 August). P. 1164–1166.
88 ‘Зубиета (2005)’: Zubieta J.K., Bueller J.A., Jackson L.R., Scott D.J., Xu Y., Koeppe R.A., Nichols T.E., Stohler C.S. Placebo effects mediated by endogenous opioid activity on mu-opioid receptors // J Neur. 2005 (24 August). № 25 (34). P- 7754–7762.
89 ‘Исследователи измерили’: Ader R., Cohen N. Behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression // Psychosom. Med. 1975. N9 37 (4) (July-August). P. 333–340.
89 ‘исследователи давали здоровым’: Goebel M.U., Trebst A.E., Steiner J., Xie Y.F., Exton M.S., Frede S., CanbayA.E., Michel M.C., Heemann U., Schedlowski M. Behavioral conditioning of immunosuppression is possible in humans // FASEB J. 2002. № 16 (14) (December). P. 1869–1873.
89 ‘Исследователи даже’: Buske-KirschbaumA., Kirschbaum C., Stierle H., Lehnert H., Hellhammer D. Conditioned increase of natural killer cell activity (NKCA) in humans // Psychosom Med. 1992. № 54 (2) (March-April). P. 123–132.
89 ‘Судя по данным опроса’: Goodwin J.S., Goodwin J.M., Vogel A.V. Knowledge and use of placebos by house officers and nurses // Ann. Intern. Med. 1979. № 91 (1) (July). № 106–110.
90 ‘в tom числе и вы’: Moerman D.E. Meaning, Medicine and the ‘Placebo Effect’. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. P. 34.
90 ‘один из самых впечатляющих’: Moerman D.E., Harrington A. Making space for the placebo effect in pain medicine // Sem. in Pain. Med. 2005. № 3 (March) (1 Spec issue). P. 2–6.
91 ‘Еще одно исследование 2002 года’: Walsh В.Т., Seidman S.N., Sysko R., Gould M. Placebo response in studies of major depression: variable, substantial, and growing // JAMA. 2002. № 287 (14) (10 April). P. 1840–1847.
94 ‘одно из исследований показало’: Ernst Е., Schmidt К. Aspects of MMR // BMJ. 2002. № 325. P. 597.
Глава 6. Заблуждения дня
98 ‘Никто не может врать’: Frankfurt H.G. On Bullshit. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005. Доступно на: http://press.princeton.edu/video/Frankfurt
115 ‘50 миллиардов долларов’: http://www.nutraingredientsusa.com/news/ng.asp?n=85087
115 ‘проведено в Финляндии’: Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung and other cancers in male smokers // New. Eng. J. Med. 1994. № 330. P. 1029–1035.
115 ‘две группы людей’: ThomquistM.D., OmennG.S., Goodman G.E., Grizzle J.E., Rosenstock L., Barnhart S., Anderson G.L., Hammar S., Balmes J., Cherniack M. Statistical design and monitoring of the Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET) // Control. Clin. Trials (1993). № 14. P. 308–324; Omenn G.S., Goodman G.E., Thornquist M.D., Balmes J., Cullen M.R., Glass A., et al. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease // N. Engl. J. Med. 1996. № 334. P. 1150–1155. Доступно на: http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=nejm&resid=334/18/1150]
116 ‘В последних’: Vivekananthan D.P. et al. Use of antioxidant vitamins for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of randomised trials // Lancet. 2003. № 361. P. 2017–2023. Доступно на: http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/ PIIS0140673603136379/abstract
116 ‘В Кохрановском обзоре’: Caraballoso М., Sacristan М., Serra С., Bonfill X. Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people // Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2003. P. 2.
116 ‘опубликованный Кохрановский обзор’: Bjelakovic G., Nikolova D., Gluud L.L., Simonetti R.G., Gluud C. Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases // Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2008. P. 2.
117 ‘Бенджамин Спок’: Chalmers I. Invalid health information is potentially lethal // BMJ (2001). № 322 (7292). P. 998.
118 ‘сговоре для удержания цен’: Connor Kluwer J.M. Global Pricefixing: Our Customers Are the Enemy j I Springer. 2001. Доступно на: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7M8n4UN23WsC
119 ‘Сомнение — это наш продукт’: Michaels D. (ed.) Doubt is Their Product: How Industry’s Assault on Science Threatens Your Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Глава 7. Джиллиан МакКейт, кандидат наук
124 ‘Дадли Дж. Леблан’: Anderson A. Snake Oil, Hustlers and Hambones: The American Medicine Show. McFarland, 2005.
131 ‘Во время войны’-. Commencement Speech from Caltech 1974, также в Richard Feynman. Surely You’re Joking, Mr. Feynman!: Adventures of a Curious Character. WW Norton (1985).
132 web-страница Клейтонского колледжа естественного здоровья: http://www.ccnh.edu/about/programs/tuition.aspx
Глава 8. «Пилюли решают сложные социальные проблемы»
146 ‘большое рандомизированное контролируемое исследование’: Hutchings J., Bywater Т., Daley D., Gardner F., Whitaker C., Jones K., Eames C., Edwards R.T. Parenting intervention in Sure Start services for children at risk of developing conduct disorder: pragmatic randomized controlled trial // BMJ (2007). № 334. P. 678.
146 ‘анализом его экономичности’: Edwards R.T., Ceilleachair A., Bywater Т., Hughes D.A., Hutchings J. Parenting programme for parents of children at risk of developing conduct disorder: cost effectiveness analysis // BMJ (2007). № 334. P. 682.
156 ‘одного исследования, проведенного ученым’: Richardson
A. J., Montgomery P. The Oxford-Durham study: a randomized, controlled trial of dietary supplementation with fatty acids in children with developmental coordination disorder // Pediatrics. 2005. № 115 (5). P. 1360–1366.
163 ‘продажа болезней’: Moynihan R., Doran E., Henry D. Disease mongering is now part of the global health debate // PLoS Med. 2008. № 5 (5). Доступно на: eio6.doi: io.i37i/ joumal.pmed.0050106
170 ‘профессором Хайвелом Уильямсом’: Williams H.C. Evening primrose oil for atopic dermatitis // BMJ (2003). № 327. P. 1358–1359-
171 ‘самой популярной пищевой добавкой в Великобритании’: ‘The four markets dominating EU supplements’ http://www. nutraingredients-usa.com/news/ng.asp?n=85087; “Galenica assumes control of Equazen Nutraceuticals based in the UK”. Пресс-релиз. http://www.galenica.com/Galenica/en/archive/media/ releases/2006_12_04_21398644_meldung.php
Глава 9. Профессор Патрик Холфорд
176 ‘систематический обзор Кохрановского сотрудничества’: Douglas R.M., Hemila Н., Chalker Е., Тгеасу В. Vitamin С for preventing and treating the common cold // Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1998.1. Date of last update: 14 May 2007. (Кохрановские обзоры постоянно обновляются, при этом все предыдущие версии доступны, так что всегда можно посмотреть, что говорилось раньше.)
178 ‘доктора Ричарда Смита’: Smith R. Investigating the previous studies of a fraudulent author // BMJ. 2005. № 331. P. 288–291; Hamblin T. The Secret Life of Dr Chandra // BMJ. 2006. № 332. P. 369.
178 ‘трехсерийный документальный фильм’: Документальный фильм о докторе Чандра можно посмотреть в Интернете на сайте http://www.cbc.ca/national/news/chandra/
178 ‘ретроспективный повторный анализ’: Hemila Н., Herman Z.S. Vitamin С and the common cold: a retrospective analysis of Chalmers’ review // J. Am. Coll. Nutr. № 14 (2) (April 1995). P. 116–123.
180 ‘обзор и метаанализ’: Vivekananthan D.P. et al. Use of antioxidant vitamins for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of randomised trials // Lancet. 2003. № 361. P. 2017–2023.
189 ‘результаты проверки’: http://www.qaa.ac.uk/reviews/ reports/institutional/Luton1105/RG162UniLuton.pdf
Глава 10. Доктор будет преследовать вас в судебном порядке
195 ‘По данным одного исследования’: Nattrass N. Estimating the lost benefits of antiretroviral drug use in South Africa. African Affairs, 2008. № 107 (427). P. 157–176.
196 ‘Еще одно исследование’: Chigwedere P., Seage G.R., Gruskin S., Lee Т.Н., Essex M. Estimating the lost benefits of antiretroviral drug use in South Africa // Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2008. № 49 (4) (1 December). P. 410–415.
197 ‘представил картину’: http://www.villagev0ice.e0m/2000- 07–04/news/debating-the-obvious /
Глава 11. Является ли официальная медицина злом?
209 ‘Исходя из современных данных’: http://clinicalevidence. bmj.com/ceweb/about/knowledge.jsp
210 ‘исследования из реального мира’: The classic general medicine reference for this is Ellis J., Mulligan I., Rowe J., Sackett D.L. Inpatient general medicine is evidence based. А-Team, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine // Lancet. 1995. № 346 (8972) (12 August). P. 407–410.
211 ‘все эти исследования’: Mayor S. Audit identifies the most read BMJ research papers. BMJ (2007); 334:554-5; Hippisley-Cox J., Coupland C. Risk of myocardial infarction in patients taking cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors or conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatoiy drugs: population based nested case-control analysis // BMJ. 2005. № 330. P. 1366; Gunnell J., Saperia J., Ashby D. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and suicide in adults: meta-analysis of drug company data from placebo controlled, randomised controlled trials submitted to the MHRA’s safety review // BMJ. 2005. № 330. P. 385; Fergusson D. et al. Association between suicide attempts and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: systematic review of randomised controlled trials // BMJ. 2005. № 330. P. 396.
215 ‘целые области оказываются без внимания’: Iribame А. Orphan diseases and adoptive initiatives // JAMA. 2003. № 290. P. 116. Francisco A. Drug development for neglected diseases // Lancet. 2002. № 360. P. 1102.
218 ‘Если вы посмотрите примечания’: Safer D.J. Design and reporting modifications in industry-sponsored comparative psychopharmacology trials // J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 2002. № 190. P. 583–592.
218 ‘различные исследования показали’: Modell et al. (1997); Montejo-Gonzalez et al. (1997); Zajecka et al. (1999); Preskom (1997): in Safer, ibid.
220 ‘Если разница’: Pocock S.J. When (not) to stop a clinical trial for benefit // JAMA. 2005. № 294. P. 2228–2230.
222 ‘систематический обзор’: Lexchin J., Вето L.A., Djulbegovic
В., Clark О. Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality // BMJ. 2003. № 326. P. 1167–1170.
222 ‘Один обзор тенденциозных исследований’: Rochon РА., Gurwitz J.H., Simms R.W., Fortin P.R., Felson D.T., Minaker K.L., Chalmers T.C. A study of manufacturer-supported trials of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of arthritis // Arch. Intern. Med. 1994. № 154 (2) (24 January). P. 157–163.
222 ‘исследовались методологические недостатки’: Lexchin J., Bero L.A., Djulbegovic B., Clark O. Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: systematic review // BMJ. 2003. № 326 (7400) (31 May). P. 1167–1170.
224 ‘B 1995 году только’: Schmidt К., Pittler M.H., Ernst E. Bias in alternative medicine is still rife but is diminishing // BMJ. № 323 C7320) (3 November 2001). P. 1071.
224 ‘Обзор 1998 года’: Vickers A., Goyal N., Harland R., Rees R. Do certain countries produce only positive results? A systematic review of controlled trials // Control. Clin. Trials. № 19 (2) (April 1998). P. 159–166.
226 ‘одна статья обнаружила’: Dubben H., Beck-Bornholdt H. Systematic review of publication bias in studies on publication bias // BMJ. 2005. № 331. P. 433–434.
226 ‘опубликовала статью’: Turner E.H., Matthews A.M., Linardatos E., Tell R.A., Rosenthal R. Selective publication of antidepressant trials and its influence on apparent efficacy // N. Eng. J. Med. 2008. № 358 (3) (17 January). P. 252–260.
227 ‘Классическое детективное расследование’: Tramer M.R., Reynolds D.J.M., Moore R.A., McQuay H. J. Impact of covert duplicate publication on meta-analysis: a case study // BMJ. 1997. № 315. P. 635–640.
228 ‘Когда мы провели наше исследование’: Cowley A.J. et al. // Int. Joum. Card. 1993. № 40. P. 161–166.
229 ‘трех самых читаемых статьях’: Audit identifies the most read BMJ research papers // BMJ. № 334 (17 March 2007). P- 554–555.
230 ‘Это позор’: ScolnickE.M. Email communication to Deborah Shapiro, Alise Reicin and Alan Nies re: Vigor. 9 March 2000. Доступно на: http://www.vioxxdocuments.com/ Documents/Krumholz_Vioxx/Scolnick2000.pdf
230 ‘Медицинский журнал Новой Англии’: Curfman G.D., Morrissey S., Drazen J.M. Expression of concern reaffirmed // NEJM. № 354 (11) (16 March 2006). P. 1193.
231 ‘американская компания’: Gottlieb S. Firm tried to block report on failure of AIDS vaccine // BMJ. 2000. № 321. P. 1173.
232 ‘Фармацевтическая компания’: Nathan D., Weatherall D. Academia and industry: lessons from the unfortunate events in Toronto // Lancet. № 353 (9155)- P- 771–772.
233 ‘Эти рекламные ролики’: Gilbody et al. Benefits and harms of direct to consumer advertising: a systematic review // Qual. Saf. Health Care. 2005. № 14. P. 246–250; http://qshc.bmj. com/cgi/content/full/14/4/246
Глава 12. СМИ способствуют неправильному пониманию науки
239 ‘Ник Дэвис’: Davies N. Flat Earth News. Chatto amp; Windus, 2008.
247 ‘Исследовательский проект по курению’: Proctor R.N. Schairer and Schoniger’s forgotten tobacco epidemiology and the Nazi quest for racial purity // Int. J. Epidemiol. № 30. P. 31–34-
248 ‘Джоном Иоаннидисом’: Ioannidis J.P.A. Why most published research findings are false // PLoS Med. 2005. № 2 (8). P. ei24.
Глава 13. Почему умные люди верят в глупости
255 ‘классическом эксперименте’: Gilovich Т., Vallone R., Tversky A. The hot hand in basketball: on the misperception of random sequences // Cog. Psych. 1985. № 17. P. 295–314. 257 ‘еще в одном оригинальном эксперименте’: Schaffner Р.Е. Specious learning about reward and punishment // J. Pers. Soc. Psych. 1985.48 (6) (June). P. 1377–1386.
259 ‘В одном эксперименте’: Snyder М., Cantor N. Testing hypotheses about other people: the use of historical knowledge // J. Exp. Soc. Psych. 1979. № 15. P. 330–342.
260 ‘Классическая демонстрация’: Lord C.G., Ross L., Lepper M.R. Biased assimilation and attitude polarisation: the effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence // J. Pers. Soc. Psych. 1979. № 37. P. 2098–2109.
262 ‘В одном из них’: Tversky A., Kahneman D. Availability: a heuristic for judging frequency and probability // Cog. Psych. 1973. № 5. P. 207–232.
264 ‘эксперимента Аша’: Asch S.E. Opinions and social pressure // Sci. Am. 1955. № 193. P. 31–35-
266 ‘поведение спортивных команд’: Frank M.G., Gilovich T. The dark side of self- and social-perception: black uniforms and aggression in professional sports // J. Pers. Soc. Psych. 1988. № 54 (1) (January). P. 74–85.
266 ‘Небезопасно’: Эксперименты, описанные в этой главе, и многие другие можно Найти в книгах Irrationality, Stuart Sutherland и How WeKnow What Isn’t So, Thomas Gilovich.
Глава 14. Плохая статистика
267 ‘Допустим, что риск’: Gigerenzer G. Reckoning with Risk. Penguin, 2003.
267 ‘Естественная частота’: Butterworth et al. Statistics: what seems natural? Science (4 May 2001): 853.
268 ‘Другие методы’: Hoffrage U., Lindsey S., Hertwig R., Gigerenzer G. Communicating statistical information // Science. 2000. № 290 (5500) (22 December). P. 2261–2262.
268 ‘есть исследования’: Hoffrage U., Gigerenzer G. Using natural frequencies to improve diagnostic inferences // Acad. Med. 1998. № 73. P. 538–540.
280 ‘тот же самый тест’: Gigerenzer G. Adaptive Thinking: Rationality in the Real World. Oxford University Press, 2000.
281 ‘Давайте свяжем это с насилием’: Szmukler G. Risk assessment: ‘numbers’ and ‘values’ // Psych. Bull. 2003. № 27. P. 205–207.
284 ‘некоторые статистические данные’: www.qurl.com/lucia
Глава 15. Медицинские страхи
289 ‘Статья известного микробиолога’: Manning N., Wilson А.Р., Ridgway G.L. Isolation of MRSA from communal areas in a teaching hospital // J. Hosp. Infect. 2.004 (March). № 56 (3). P- 250–251.
295 ‘Крюгер и Даннинг’: Kruger J., Dunning D. Unskilled and unaware of it: how difficulties in recognizing one’s own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments’ // J. Pers. Soc. Psych. 1999. № 77; 6. P. 121–134.
296 ‘B 1957 году’: Brynner R., Stephens T.D. Dark Remedy: The Impact of Thalidomide and its Revival as a Vital Medicine. Perseus Books, 2001.
296 ‘Филипп Найтли’: Excerpted in Pilger J. (ed.). Tell me no Lies. Cape, 2004.
297 ‘Много лет спустя’: Thalidomide hero found guilty of scientific fraud // New Scientist. 1993 (27 February).
Глава 16. Вакцина против кори, свинки и краснухи и большой обман в средствах массовой информации
305 ‘Были исследованы 12 детей’: Wakefield A.J., Murch S.H., Anthony A. et al. Ileallymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, nonspecific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children // Lancet. 1998. № 351 (9103). P. 637–641.
307 ‘одна из немногих’: e.g. Chess S. Autism in children with congenital rubella // J. Autism. Child. Schizophr. 1971. № 1 (1) (Januaiy-March). P. 33–47.
307 ‘расследуется’: http://briandeer.com/wakefield/vaccine- patent.htm
309 ‘включая работников BBC’: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7392510.stm
315 ‘согласно опросу’: Schmidt К., Ernst Е., Andrews. Survey shows that some homoeopaths and chiropractors advise against MMR // BMJ. 2002. № 325 (7364) (14 September). P. 597.
316 ‘32 %’: Hargreaves I., Lewis J., Speers T. Towards a better map: science, the public and the media // Economic and Social Research Council. 2003. http://www.esrc.ac.uk/ESRCInfoCentre/ Images/Mapdocfinal_tcm6-5505.pdf
316 ‘максимального освещения’: Boyce T. Health, Risk and News: The MMR Vaccine and the Media. Peter Lang Publishing Inc., 2007.
317 ‘опубликовал статью’: Ibid.
317 ‘ни одна’: Durant J., Lindsey N. GM foods and the media. Select Committee on Science and Technology, Third Report, Appendix 5; www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199900/ldselect/ ldsctech/38/3810.htm
322 ‘систематический обзор’: Smeeth L., Cook C., Fombonne E., Heavey L., Rodrigues L.C., Smith P.G. et al. MMR vaccination and pervasive developmental disorders: a case-control study // Lancet. 2004. № 364 (9438). P. 963–969.
324 ‘Это исследование было очень большим’: Madsen К.М., Hviid A.,Vestergaard М., Schendel D., Wohlfahrt J., Thorsen P. et al. A population-based study of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism // N. Eng. J. Med. 2002. № 347 (19). P. 1477–1482.
326 ‘Ученые в США’: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main. jhtml?xml=/news/2002/06/23/nmmr23.xml
329 ‘подобном тому’: Afzal М.А., Ozoemena L.C., O’Hare A. et al. Absence of detectable measles virus genome sequence in blood of autistic children who have had their MMR vaccination during the routine childhood immunization schedule of UK // J. Med. Virology. 2006. № 78; 5: P. 623–630.
330 ‘Еще одно исследование’: D’Souza Y. et al. No evidence of persisting measles virus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from children with autism spectrum disorder // Pediatrics. 2006. № 118 (4 October). P. 1664–1675.
333 ‘В некоторых районах’: http://www.westminsterpct.nhs. uk/news/mmr0405.htm; Pearce et al. Factors associated with uptake of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR) and use of single antigen vaccines in a contemporary UK cohort: prospective cohort study // BMJ. 2008. № 336 (7647). P- 754-
334 ‘систематический обзор’: Chapman S. et al. // Med. J. Aust. 2005. № 183 (5) (5 September). P. 247–250. Grffli R. et al. // Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2001. № 4. CD000389.
334 ‘Шутливый обзор’: Phillips D.P. et al. // N. Engl. J. Med. 1991. № 325. P. 1180–1183.
335 ‘систематические количественные обзоры’: Schwitzer // G PLoS Med. 2008. № 5 (5). P. e95 Protection Report (2008); accessed 9 April 2008; 2 (8). Available at: http://www.hpa. org.uk/hpr/archives/2008/hpr0808.pdf
336 ‘Синдром врожденной краснухи’: Fitzpatrick M. MMR: risk, choice, chance // Brit Med Bulletin. 2004. № 69. P-143-153.
339 ‘эпидемии 2005’: Gupta R.K., Best J., MacMahon E. Mumps and the UK epidemic // BMJ. 2005 (14 May). № 330. P. 1132–1135.
И еще кое-что
347 ‘Истинная цена чего-либо’: http://www.economist.com/ research/Economics/alphabetic.cfm?letter=O